Phonation |
---|
Glottal states |
From open to closed: |
Voicelessness (full airstream) |
Breathy voice (murmur) |
Slack voice |
Modal voice (maximum vibration) |
Stiff voice |
Creaky voice (restricted airstream) |
Glottalized (blocked airstream) |
Supra-glottal phonation |
Faucalized voice ("hollow") |
Harsh voice ("pressed") |
Strident (harsh trilled) |
Non-phonemic phonation |
Whisper |
Falsetto |
"Ballistic" syllables are a phonemic distinction in the Otomanguean languages Chinantec and Amuzgo. They have been described as characterized either with either increased sub-glottal pressure (Mugele 1982) or with laryngeal abduction (Silverman 1994). The acoustic effect is a fortis release of the consonant, a gradual surge in the intensity of the vowel, followed by a rapid decay in intensity into post-vocalic aspiration. They may thus be a form of phonation.
Non-ballistic syllables are by contrast called "controlled".